A. Internal Causes:-
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Switching Surges: Switching surges occur when there is a sudden change in the electrical circuit, such as switching off a large load or opening/closing circuit breakers.
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Faults in the System: Faults such as short circuits or ground faults can cause overvoltage conditions by disrupting the normal flow of electricity in the system.
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Resonance Phenomena: Resonance can occur in electrical systems due to the interaction between inductive and capacitive elements. Under certain conditions, resonance can amplify voltages to levels higher than normal.
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Insulation Failure: The most common case of insulation failure in a power system is the grounding of conductor (i.e. insulation failure between line and earth) which may cause over voltages in the system.
B. External Causes:-
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Lightning Strikes: Lightning strikes are a common cause of overvoltage in electrical systems. The massive discharge of electrical energy during a lightning strike can induce high voltages in nearby power lines and equipment.
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External Factors: Environmental factors such as geomagnetic storms or electromagnetic interference from nearby sources can also induce overvoltage in electrical systems.
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