Staticnotes4u For RL and RC Series Circuit: For RL Series Circuit For RC Series Circuit V= rms value of the applied voltageI= rms value of the circuit currentVR= Voltage across resistanceVL= Voltage across inductanceVC= Voltage across capacitanceR= ResistanceXL= Inductive ReactanceXC= Capacitive Reactance For RL: For RC : Z= ImpedanceR= ResistanceXL= Inductive ReactanceXC= Capacitive Reactance For RL: … Read more
Basics: v = value of alternating voltage at time t (called instantaneous value)Vm = maximum value of alternating voltage= Angular velocity of the coil i =value of alternating current at time t (called instantaneous value)Im = maximum value of alternating current = Angular velocity of the coil T = Time period in secondf = frequency … Read more
This table shows basic electrical formulas used to find voltage, current, resistance, power, and energy, helping analyse and design electrical circuits.
Charge on electron (e) = – 1.6 x 10-19 C Mass of an electron = 9.11 x 10-31 kg Diameter of an electron = 10-15m Mass of proton = Mass of neutron=1.67 x 10-27 kg Charge on proton = + 1.6 x 10-19 C Charge on neutron= Nil One coulomb= Charge on 625 x 1016 electrons 1 calorie = … Read more
Travelling waves in power systems are high-frequency transient voltage or current surges that propagate along transmission lines and can cause significant damage to electrical equipment if not properly managed. These waves are often caused by lightning strikes, switching operations, or sudden faults. Effective protection against travelling waves involves several strategies and devices. Surge Arresters: Surge … Read more
Surge absorbers are designed to absorb and dissipate the energy of the surge within the device itself, thereby protecting the equipment downstream. Construction: Surge absorbers typically use materials with nonlinear resistance characteristics, such as metal oxide varistors (MOVs). These materials have a high resistance at normal operating voltages but become highly conductive at higher voltages, … Read more
Types of lightning arresters : 1. Rod gap arrester 2. Horn gap arrester 3. Multigap arrester 4. Expulsion type lightning arrester 5. Valve type lightning arrester Rod Gap Arrester:- A Rod Gap Arrester is a simple type of diverter used in electrical systems to protect against high voltage surges, particularly those caused by lightning strikes. … Read more
Lightning Arrestors or Surge diverters: Surge diverters or Lightning arrestors function by providing a low-impedance path to ground for transient over voltages that exceed a certain threshold. When a surge occurs, such as from a lightning strike or switching operation, the surge diverter conducts the excess energy to ground, effectively diverting it away from sensitive … Read more
What are lighting phenomena? Lighting phenomena refer to the various occurrences related to lightning, which is a sudden electrostatic discharge that occurs during a thunderstorm. These phenomena can include: Lightning bolts: These are the most common form of lightning and are visible as a bright flash in the sky. Ball lightning: A rare and … Read more
A. Internal Causes:- Switching Surges: Switching surges occur when there is a sudden change in the electrical circuit, such as switching off a large load or opening/closing circuit breakers. Faults in the System: Faults such as short circuits or ground faults can cause overvoltage conditions by disrupting the normal flow of electricity in the system. … Read more